Task 1

A. brave men, at the long river mouth, homeland
B. T,F,T

Task 2 skip

Task 3
people who hunted animals; animals they wanted to catch and kill; on the walls of caves in France and Spain; perhaps pictures had a magic purpose, perhaps the painters thought that their pictures would help them to catch these animals, or perhaps human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures

the Egyptians and other people in the Near East; things and ideas, and also the sounds of their language; by putting picture-writing and pictures together

people who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea; because each sign or letter represented only one sound in their language; the Romans

drawings, photographs, signs, and diagrams

Task 4 skip

Task 5
1. during the 18th and early 19th centuries
2. the harnessing of a whole range of newly devised machinery, first water wheels and then steam
3. Large factories replaced small workshops and craftsman’s cottages.
4. People wanted to transport goods and raw materials more cheaply and efficiently.
5. less than 100 years
6. industrial sites have been restored, buildings saved, and machinery preserved

Task 6

A.
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
B. skip


Task 7 skip

Task 8

A. sundials, candles, water clocks, 600, 1657, grandfather clocks, minute and second hands, by 1900, electric clocks
B. skip

Task 9 skip

Task 10

The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of competition with each other, as they are the two oldest and most famous universities in England. The date of Oxford’s foundation is unknown, and indeed it may not have been a single event, but there is evidence of teaching there as early as 1096. When Henry II of England forbade English students to study at the University of Paris in 1167, Oxford began to grow very quickly. The foundation of the first halls of residence, which later became colleges, dates from this period and later. Following the murder of two students accused of rape in 1209, the university was disbanded, and this led to the foundation of the University of Cambridge. In 1214, the University returned to Oxford with a charter, and the university’s status was formally confirmed.